To Egypt and Back Again

TO EGYPT AND BACK AGAIN

An Exposition of Genesis 12:10-20

By Pastor Brian Wilbur

Date: September 25, 2022

Series: The Book of Genesis

Note: Scripture quotations are from The ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard   Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

THE SCRIPTURAL TEXT

Holy Scripture says:

¹⁰ Now there was a famine in the land. So Abram went down to Egypt to sojourn there, for the famine was severe in the land. ¹¹ When he was about to enter Egypt, he said to Sarai his wife, “I know that you are a woman beautiful in appearance, ¹² and when the Egyptians see you, they will say, ‘This is his wife.’ Then they will kill me, but they will let you live. ¹³ Say you are my sister, that it may go well with me because of you, and that my life may be spared for your sake.” ¹⁴ When Abram entered Egypt, the Egyptians saw that the woman was very beautiful. ¹⁵ And when the princes of Pharaoh saw her, they praised her to Pharaoh. And the woman was taken into Pharaoh's house. ¹⁶ And for her sake he dealt well with Abram; and he had sheep, oxen, male donkeys, male servants, female servants, female donkeys, and camels.

¹⁷ But the LORD afflicted Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai, Abram's wife. ¹⁸ So Pharaoh called Abram and said, “What is this you have done to me? Why did you not tell me that she was your wife? ¹⁹ Why did you say, ‘She is my sister,’ so that I took her for my wife? Now then, here is your wife; take her, and go.” ²⁰ And Pharaoh gave men orders concerning him, and they sent him away with his wife and all that he had. (Genesis 12:10-20)

SUMMARY OF THE TEXT

Let’s begin with a simple summary of the text.

A Pressing Need

First, Abram faces a pressing need: “there was a famine in the land” and “the famine was severe” (v. 10). As surely as God brought Abram from Ur to Canaan, you can be exactly where God has led you – as Abram was in Canaan – and in that place face severe trials.[1] Do not assume that the presence of trials means that you’re in the wrong place.

A Solution

Second, Abram comes up with a solution – go to Egypt. “So Abram went down to Egypt to sojourn there” (v. 10).

An Anticipated Problem

Third, with that solution came an anticipated problem. The problem that Abram anticipates is recounted in verses 11-12. Abram is traveling with his wife Sarai. We know from other passages that Sarai is pushing 70 years of age at this point, but her 70 is not our 70. Sarai lived a total of 127 years, so at 65-70 years old she is in the beauty of middle age. Abram was concerned that the Egyptians would desire Sarai on account of her beauty, and they would assume that Abram is Sarai’s husband, and then they would kill Abram in order to have free access to Sarai. So, Abram begins to think about how to not get killed. Abram obviously didn’t think that the Egyptians were morally honorable people.  

A Shrewd Tactic to Troubleshoot the Problem

Fourth, since Abram doesn’t like the way that the probability of his being murdered plays out in his head, he devises a shrewd tactic to troubleshoot the anticipated problem. Abram tells Sarai to tell the Egyptians that she is his sister (v. 13). Then the Egyptians, now thinking that Abram doesn’t have a husband’s claim upon Sarai, will feel free to freely engage with Sarai. As a result, Abram’s life will be spared and, more than that, he might even be treated favorably as the brother of the beloved Sarai.

Tactic Implemented with Apparent Success

Fifth, Abram’s shrewd tactic is implemented with apparent success (v. 14-16). The Egyptians beheld Sarai’s beauty, and some prominent Egyptians (“the princes of Pharaoh”, v. 15) spoke highly to Pharaoh about Sarai’s beauty. Not only did Pharaoh spare Abram’s life, Pharaoh actually treated Abram very generously on account of the beautiful Sarai whom Pharaoh had taken into his house.

In this regard, I appreciate the wise words of Henry Morris: “It often seems at first that a compromise between the methods of the world and God’s will and promises works out very well…. Until, that is, God finally has to deal with them in chastisement, forcing them out of the compromising position back into the walk of true faith.”[2] Don’t automatically assume that outward prosperity following a course of action means that God is pleased with the course of action that you have chosen.

Abram’s Plan Proves to be Problematic

Sixth, Abram’s shrewd plan proves to be problematic. Although it is going well with Abram (v. 16), it is not going well with Pharaoh: “But the LORD afflicted Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai, Abram’s wife” (v. 17). The contrast between verse 16 and 17 is profound. In verse 16, Pharaoh blesses Abram because of Sarai. But in verse 17, the Lord afflicts Pharaoh because of Sarai. The Lord knew the truth, but Pharaoh didn’t – until the truth was revealed to him.

Confrontation and Deportation

Seventh, Pharaoh confronts Abram, returns Sarai to him, and promptly deports them (v. 18-20). Somehow, in conjunction with being afflicted, Pharaoh realized the truth about Abram and Sarai – that they were man and wife. Pharoah reproves Abram: “What is this you have done to me? Why did you not tell me that she was your wife? Why did you say, ‘She is my sister,’ so that I took her for my wife?” (v. 18-19) It is always a sad day when a pagan has to call out the bad conduct of a believer. In any case, Pharaoh, whose house was suffering under affliction from the Lord, wanted the source of his troubles to go far away. Thus Pharaoh deported Abram: “take her, and go.” (v. 19) “And Pharaoh gave men orders concerning him, and they sent him away with his wife and all that he had.” (v. 20) After deportation, the beginning of Chapter 13 indicates that Abram and Sarai returned to the Negeb in southern Canaan.

AN ASSESSMENT OF ABRAM’S ACTIONS

How should we assess Abram’s actions?

Well, we can begin by simply looking at the bad fruit of Abram’s actions. In Genesis 12:3 the Lord promised to “bless those who bless [Abram]” and promised that “in [Abram] all the families of the earth shall be blessed.” Now at a surface level just compare Genesis 12:3 with Genesis 12:16-17. Pharaoh blessed Abram on a superficial level (v. 16), but Pharaoh didn’t get blessed by the Lord. Instead, Pharaoh got afflicted by the Lord. Abram had gone down to Egypt, but instead of being a blessing to Pharaoh’s family, Abram became a source of trouble to Pharaoh’s family. All of this should alert us to the fact that something is wrong.

And one of the big things that is wrong is that Abram chose to misrepresent reality to the Egyptians and to Pharaoh. To truly bless Abram means blessing Abram for the Lord’s sake. In Pharaoh’s case, however, he was blessing Abram for Sarai’s sake – but his understanding of who Sarai was in relation to Abram was based on a lie. And Abram is the one who bears responsibility for this lie, even though he had prevailed upon Sarai to actually tell the lie. If Abram is going to “be a blessing” as Genesis 12:2 envisions, he must learn to walk in the truth.

As it stands, though, Abram’s conduct is way off the mark in verses 11-16. One may legitimately wonder whether it was wise for Abram to journey to Egypt in the first place (the commentaries I read are divided on the answer), but I’ll leave that question to the side. Consider six interconnected sins:

Abram Temporarily Loses His Grip on God’s Promise

First, instead of continuing to believe that God will fulfill His promises to him, in which case he is not going to be killed by the Egyptians, Abram succumbs to fear that he might be killed by the Egyptians. In this moment, God’s promise seems small, and the Egyptians seem big and strong. Abram temporarily loses his grip on God’s promise.  

Abram Conceives of a Lie

Second, Abram conceives of a lie. Later – in Genesis 20 – we learn that Sarai is actually Abram’s half-sister (Genesis 20:12). That fact, however, doesn’t change the fact that Abram’s plan involves misrepresenting his relationship with Sarai. Even if one reasons that Sarai can honestly say that she is Abram’s sister because she is his half-sister, that doesn’t change the fact that the intent of saying that is to communicate that she is not Abram’s wife. And that is a lie.

Abram Turns His Wife into a Liar

Third, after conceiving of a lie, Abram prevails upon his wife to tell the lie. Abram gives birth to a lie, and then he turns his wife into liar. That is bad enough, but it gets worse.

Abram Puts His Wife into the Position of an Adulteress

Fourth, Abram’s misrepresentation of reality leads his wife into a compromising situation. Sarai is Abram’s wife and she has no business being taken into another man’s house. But this is exactly what happened: “the woman was taken into Pharaoh’s house” (v. 15), and Pharaoh took her into his house to marry her: “Why did you say, ‘She is my sister,’ so that I took her for my wife?” (v. 19) Abram’s plan turned his wife not only into a liar, but also put her into the position of an adulteress (the text doesn’t say whether or not the physical act of adultery actually took place).

Abram Puts Pharaoh into the Position of an Adulterer

Fifth, for the same reasons, Abram’s plan put Pharaoh into the position of an adulterer.

Abram Gets Rich as a Result of His Deception

Sixth, Andrew Steinmann identified another sin: Abram “accepted property gained under false pretences”.[3] In other words, Abram’s material gains from Pharaoh came about as a result of his misrepresenting his relationship to Sarai.

Those were Abram’s sins, and the effect of these sins is that affliction and “great plagues” were brought upon “Pharaoh and his house” (v. 17). At the same time, Abram troubled his own house by compromising the integrity of his marriage and the integrity of his wife.

And why did Abram do all this? To save his own skin! Although Abram didn’t think it all out this way, the fact is that he was willing to compromise the truth, he was willing to compromise his wife’s integrity and purity, he was willing to compromise the integrity of his marriage, and he was willing to compromise Pharaoh’s integrity, in order to save and prosper his own life. And thus, all of a sudden, the Abram of great faith who obeyed the Lord’s call by journeying from Ur to Canaan and who built altars to the Lord in the land of Canaan, this Abram is now seen to be a folly-prone sinner. Abram has much to learn. Abram has to learn to trust God when facing difficult circumstances. Abram has to learn that God’s way is not to save yourself at the expense of others, but rather to lay down your life for the sake of others. Abram has to learn that the way we participate in advancing God’s kingdom is not by distorting the truth, but rather by declaring the truth. Abram has to learn to conduct himself in such a way that he doesn’t need a pagan king to remind him of what is true. 

THREE IMPORTANT LESSONS

With Abram’s failure in plain sight, now we are ready to reflect on three important and encouraging lessons from this passage.

Lesson #1: You need to grow!

Here is the first lesson: Even after you have received the Lord’s call and begun to walk in obedience to the Lord, you still have much need to learn and grow and be transformed. In Genesis 12:1-3 Abram received the call of God to leave his homeland and to go to the land that the Lord would show him. Genesis 12:4 then says, “So Abram went, as the LORD had told him”. And we know that Abram went because he trusted the Lord. As it says in Hebrews 11:

“By faith Abraham obeyed when he was called to go out to a place that he was to receive as an inheritance. And he went out, not knowing where he was going. By faith he went to live in the land of promise” (Hebrews 11:8-9).  

After Abram arrived in the land of promise, “he built… an altar to the LORD” (Genesis 12:7) and again “he built an altar to the LORD and called upon the name of the LORD” (Genesis 12:8). Thus in Genesis 12:1-9 we learn that Abram is a man of faith, a man who trusts God and obeys God’s instruction, a man who worships the Lord and calls upon His name.

At the same time, Abram was beset by the same weaknesses and faults that are often found in us. After he had begun to walk with God in Genesis 12:1-9, Abram showed considerable foolishness in Genesis 12:10-20. True believers who have begun to follow the Lord on the path of obedience still have much room for growth.

When we had our baptism service a few weeks ago, I made the point that baptism represents a new beginning – and baptism is to be followed by lifelong learning and growth:

“Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you.” (Matthew 28:19-20)

Part of learning to observe all that the Lord has commanded us is the recognition that we have areas of our life that are not pleasing to the Lord. It is often in the face of pressing needs that our foolishness and immaturity become apparent. Our blind spots are apt to be revealed when pressures bear down upon us.

It is precisely because believers still have much room for growth that we are told such things as:

• “Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body, to make you obey its passions.” (Romans 6:12)
• Ephesians 4:17-32 tells us to put away the things that pertain to one’s sinful past, and to put on the characteristics that are pleasing to the Lord.
• Paul tells Timothy to “flee youthful passions and pursue righteousness, faith, love, and peace, along with those who call on the Lord from a pure heart.” (2 Timothy 2:22)

Of course, my point in telling you all this is not to give the impression that it’s okay to be foolish and sinful. It’s not okay to be foolish and sinful. My point, rather, is simply to communicate a dose of realism: like Abram, there are times when you as a true believer will play the fool and engage in sinful conduct.

If you take this as a license to sin however you please, then you have a deeper problem. So if you have a hard heart toward the Lord and have every intention of sinning whenever and however you like, then what I am saying here is not meant to encourage you.

Instead, I’m attempting to encourage those of who actually do have a heart for the Lord and your intention is to follow the Lord, and yet you are painfully aware of your failings. You face a pressing need or difficult circumstance, you cook up a solution that only serves to create more problems than it solves, and you look like an idiot – and even a rank pagan like Pharaoh can see that you are an idiot. When that happens, it is possible for the Lord’s people to get overly discouraged or even to lose heart after they realize that they have failed. By showing you Abram’s bad example, I want to guard you from taking yourself or your presumed maturity level too seriously. You will fail, but God’s mercies will never fail.  

Lesson #2: You can't bypass good character

Here is the second lesson: You have to learn to live with integrity in the sphere of God’s blessing before you can be a true source of blessing to others.

There is a sobering tension between Genesis 12:2-3 and Genesis 12:17. In Genesis 12:2 we learn that the Lord’s plan is for Abram to “be a blessing” – that is, to be a blessing to others. In Genesis 12:3 learn that the Lord’s plan is to bless “all the families of the earth” through Abram. But then, just fourteen verses later, we discover that Abram’s impact on one Egyptian family – that is, on “Pharaoh and his house” – is that Pharaoh’s family is being afflicted and plagued. What is going on?

Of course, one could point to the first part of Genesis 12:3, where it is clear that God’s promise to bless others through Abram is not absolute. For the Lord promises to curse anyone who dishonors Abram. Now you could argue, as one commentator does, that Pharaoh is, in fact, dishonoring Abram by taking Abram’s wife into his harem. I don’t disagree with this assessment: objectively speaking, Pharaoh is dishonoring Abram as well as Sarai. And yet, the fact remains that Pharaoh is dishonoring Abram because Abram is lying: Abram is dishonoring the truth, dishonoring his own marriage, dishonoring his wife, and dishonoring Pharaoh. And so, it is Abram’s culpable role in Pharaoh’s affliction that provides a lesson for us: You have to learn to live with integrity in the sphere of God’s blessing before you can be a true source of blessing to others.

The Lord calls His people to be a blessing to the world. “You are the salt of the earth” (Matthew 5:13). “You are the light of the world” (Matthew 5:14). Being salty salt (that is, salt that hasn’t lost its taste), and being bright-shining light (that is, not putting our light under a basket but manifesting good deeds in the sight of all), is conditioned on living as a true disciple. Putting one’s own self first, as Abram did, and seeking to preserve your own life at the expense of others, as Abram did, and distorting the truth, as Abram did, is not the Lord’s will for us. The salt and light teaching of Matthew 5:13-16 is surrounded by instruction that we be humble and meek, that we be hungry and thirsty for righteousness, that we be merciful and pure in heart, that we make peace and be eager to be reconciled with our brothers, that we be truthful and faithful.

Sometimes in the face of difficulties we might, like Abram, rush into imprudent courses of action that end up making us a source of trouble to other people.

At other times, in our excitement to ‘bless the world’ and ‘impact our community’, we might forget that having God on our side is not an excuse for bad character and misconduct. Paul had it right when he said: “But we have renounced disgraceful, underhanded ways. We refuse to practice cunning or to tamper with God’s word, but by the open statement of the truth we would commend ourselves to everyone’s conscience in the sight of God.” (2 Corinthians 4:2). Having and proclaiming the truth isn’t the only thing that matters; how we carry it, how we handle it, how we conduct ourselves matters too. As Paul told Titus, it is important for God’s people to “adorn the doctrine of God our Savior” with good character and a gracious demeanor (Titus 2:10).

Bottom line: as you fulfill God’s call upon you to be a blessing to other people, you cannot bypass good character. In fact, it is precisely because Jesus the Messiah, the seed of Abraham, is without any moral defect, that He is the source of eternal salvation and ultimate blessing to everyone who trusts Him. As God calls us into fellowship with Jesus, we get to share in extending the blessing of the Messiah to others – but this requires that we be transformed from the inside out, so that we are actually reflecting the character of our Lord. You have to learn to live with integrity in the sphere of God’s blessing before you can be a true source of blessing to others.

Lesson #3: God has your back when you least deserve it

Now we come to the third lesson. If I had to pick and choose, I would say that this third lesson is actually the primary lesson of our passage. This is the cream of the crop: if the Lord’s favor is upon you, He will bless you even when you blow it.

Andrew Steinmann puts it like this:

“God’s commitment to his promise overrides human weakness…. Ultimately, the story of Abram and his descendants is not about their transgressions, but about God’s grace.”[4]

Think about it: Abram decides to plot and scheme in a way that makes sense to him – and it won’t be the last time he does this. Abram plots and schemes and manipulates, and puts his wife into the house of a foreigner, and puts other people’s integrity and welfare at risk. Humanly speaking, Abram is the human cause of the afflictions and plagues that fall on Pharaoh’s house.

But here’s the deal: Since God has called Abram and claimed Abram for His own sovereign purpose, God’s promise will prevail over all of Abram’s fickleness. The fulfillment of God’s promise does not depend on Abram; it depends on God. If Abram becoming a great nation (Genesis 12:2) depended on Abram, if Abram being blessed and having a great name (Genesis 12:3) depended on Abram, if Abram becoming a source of blessing to “all of the families of the earth” (Genesis 12:3) depended on Abram, then Genesis 12:10-20 presents us with reason for great disappointment, because Abram has some deep flaws.

But Genesis 12:10-20 isn’t in the Bible to stir up discouragement. Instead, it’s in the Bible to give us encouragement and hope. And the great encouragement is this: the Lord has Abram’s back when Abram least deserves it. The Lord preserves and prospers Abram, and afflicts and plagues Pharaoh, even though Pharaoh has acted with greater integrity in this particular situation. The Lord did not say, I will bless you as long as you don’t blow it. The Lord did not say, I will make your name great as long as you don’t do anything to spoil your reputation. The Lord did not say, in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed as long as you keep yourself squeaky clean wherever you go.

Now I’m not encouraging you to make a concerted effort to blow it, or to spoil your reputation, or to throw moral caution to the wind. None of that. But the truth of the matter is that to one degree or another, you already have blown it in certain ways at certain times, and it is likely that you will blow it again. At such times, you shouldn’t be devastated, as if God’s promise is now null and void because you fell into sin. Instead, you should be humbled and sobered and encouraged by the thought that the Lord will see you through your stupidity and He will keep His promises and He will continue to lead you in the way you should go. The Lord relates to you on the basis of His promise, and because of His promise He will overrule your deviations and failures. Genesis 12:16 tells us that Pharaoh “dealt well with Abram” for Sarai’s sake. But the deeper reality is that the Lord dealt well with Abram because of His promise to Abram.

This truth that the Lord continues to work out His promise of blessing upon His people even when they blow it, is thematic throughout the entire Scriptures. Jacob blew it by manipulating his brother and then later his father. Joseph’s brothers blew it when they sold Joseph into slavery, and then lied about it. Aaron blew it with the golden calf fiasco. Moses blew it by striking the rock. David blew it in the matter of Bathsheba and her husband Uriah. James and John blew it when they sought to exalt themselves over their fellow disciples. Pete blew it when he denied that he even knew the Lord. The church in Corinth was blowing it on multiple fronts, and yet Paul thanks God for His grace toward them and tells them that the Lord “will sustain [them] to the end” (1 Corinthians 1:8). The truth of the matter is that being a beloved beneficiary of sovereign mercy “depends not on human will or exertion, but on God, who has mercy” (Romans 9:16). No amount of human will or exertion on Abram’s part could have qualified him to be a recipient of God’s favor. And then, once the promise-keeping God called and claimed Abram as His own, Abram’s foolishness could not undo it.

God’s definitive, irreversible, and prevailing grace is not meant to be an encouragement to people who don’t have a heart for God. If you don’t have a heart for God, you need to get a new heart. But if you do have a heart for God, and if you have some honest self-awareness, and if you have a tender conscience, and if you see the sizable gap between the perfection of God and the imperfections of your own life, and if you know that the high calling of God upon your life is much higher than your low attainments so far, then God’s definitive, irreversible, and prevailing grace is meant to encourage you.

“He does not deal with us according to our sins,

nor repay us according to our iniquities.

For as high as the heavens are above the earth,

so great is his steadfast love toward those who fear him;

as far as the east is from the west,

so far does he remove our transgressions from us.

As a father shows compassion to his children,

so the LORD shows compassion to those who fear him.

For he knows our frame;

he remembers that we are dust.” (Psalm 103:10-14)

Fathers, don’t you keep on showing compassion to your children, though they’ve blown it again? That’s what the Father is like, except that His level of compassion and generosity and patience far exceeds anything that we are capable of. In His great love, the Father sent His dear Son to make atonement for our sins and to be the guarantee of all His covenant promises. Thus we can sing these words from the song “He Will Hold Me Fast”: 

“Those He saves are His delight,

Christ will hold me fast;

Precious in His holy sight,

He will hold me fast.

He’ll not let my soul be lost;

His promises shall last;

Bought by Him at such a cost,

He will hold me fast.

For my life He bled and died,

Christ will hold me fast;

Justice has been satisfied,

He will hold me fast.

Raised with Him to endless life,

He will hold me fast

Till our faith is turned to sight,

When he comes at last!”[5]

You must understand that the Lord wasn’t secretly waiting for Abram to fail so that He could let Abram have it. Just the opposite: the Lord was graciously watching over Abram to keep His promises to Abram even and especially when Abram would blow it. That was the Lord’s settled disposition toward Abram, and that is the Lord’s settled disposition toward you, if He has called and claimed you as His own. The Lord isn’t secretly waiting for you to fail so that He can let you have it. On the contrary, the Lord is watching over you in love and has every intention – and it is a gladhearted intention – to bring every promise to fruition, even and especially when you make a royal mess down in Egypt.

Let me borrow a line of thought from the apostle John and say this: I am preaching these things to you so that you will not make a royal mess down in Egypt. But if anyone does make a royal mess down in Egypt, “we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous” (1 John 2:1). 

If the Lord’s favor is upon you, He will hold you fast even when you temporarily lose your firm grip on His promise, He will keep you in His good grace even when you least deserve it (and grace is never deserved anyway), and though there be many ups and downs on your part He will – at the last – bring you safely into His everlasting home.

ENDNOTES

[1] Assohoto and Ngewa write, “Even when we are where God wants us to be, all will not necessarily go well for us materially – no matter what the prosperity gospel teaches. Abram was in the land God had sent him to, but the land was afflicted by famine (12:10). Source: Assohoto, Barnabe and Samuel Ngewa, “Genesis.” In Africa Bible Commentary: A One-Volume Commentary Written by 70 African Scholars. Tokunboh Adeyemo, General Editor. Zondervan Edition (first edition published in 2006): p. 30.

[2] Henry, Matthew. A Commentary on the Whole Bible: Volume 1: Genesis to Deuteronomy. Old Tappan: Fleming H. Revell Company: p. 297-298.

[3] Steinmann, Andrew E. Genesis (Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2019: p. 152.

[4] Steinmann, Andrew E. Genesis (Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2019: p. 153.

[5] From the song “He Will Hold Me Fast.” Words written by Ada Habershon and Matt Merker. © 2013 Getty Music Publishing (BMI) / Matthew Merker Music (BMI). Admin. by Musicservices.org. All rights reserved. Available online: https://www.mattmerkermusic.com/he-will-hold-me-fast.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Assohoto, Barnabe and Samuel Ngewa, “Genesis.” In Africa Bible Commentary: A One-Volume Commentary Written by 70 African Scholars. Tokunboh Adeyemo, General Editor. Zondervan Edition (first edition published in 2006).

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold G. The Book of Genesis (Ariel’s Bible Commentary). Fourth Edition. San Antonio: Ariel Ministries, 2020.

Henry, Matthew. A Commentary on the Whole Bible: Volume 1: Genesis to Deuteronomy. Old Tappan: Fleming H. Revell Company.

Morris, Henry M. The Genesis Record. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1976.

Steinmann, Andrew E. Genesis (Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2019.